electronic voting machines located at polling stations) e-voting which is physically supervised by representatives of governmental or independent electoral authorities (e.g.In general, two main types of e-voting can be identified: It can also involve transmission of ballots and votes via telephones, private computer networks, or the Internet.
The degree of automation may be limited to marking a paper ballot, or may be a comprehensive system of vote input, vote recording, data encryption and transmission to servers, and consolidation and tabulation of election results.Ī worthy e-voting system must perform most of these tasks while complying with a set of standards established by regulatory bodies, and must also be capable to deal successfully with strong requirements associated with security, accuracy, integrity, swiftness, privacy, auditability, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, scalability and ecological sustainability.Įlectronic voting technology can include punched cards, optical scan voting systems and specialized voting kiosks (including self-contained direct-recording electronic voting systems, or DRE). It may encompass a range of Internet services, from basic transmission of tabulated results to full-function online voting through common connectable household devices. The lack of interest in the new technology kept the acoustic phonograph-and even the hand-cranked version of it-alive well into the 1940s in the United States and Europe, and even later in some other countries.Further information: Electronic voting by countryĮlectronic voting (also known as e-voting) is voting that uses electronic means to either aid or take care of casting and counting ballots.ĭepending on the particular implementation, e-voting may use standalone electronic voting machines (also called EVM) or computers connected to the Internet. The English branch of the Columbia company, for example, was nearing completion of its own electrical recording system, which it abandoned when the Western Electric technology appeared.Įlectrical recording revolutionized the making of records and paved the way for later innovations, but it did not help the record industry, which declined after the late 1920s. The first companies to use the technology were Victor, which sold records and record players with the odd-sounding brand name “Victor Orthophonic,” and Columbia, which called it “Viva-tonal.” Like many new inventions, there were competitors, some of which actually came before the Western Electric system.
The Western Electric company did not make records but instead sold its electrical recording technology to record companies. The microphone and electronic amplifier also made possible the careers of “crooners” whose voices were soft, as compared to the strong, loud voices of artists like Enrico Caruso, which had sounded best on acoustic recordings. The use of microphones in the studio also allowed musicians to spread out and be comfortable, instead of crowding up close to the recording horn. Even so, the new records reproduced sound more realistically than the old acoustic discs: for the first time it was possible to hear singers pronounce the letter “s” and other soft sounds. But because the electron tube was still expensive, they decided to develop an improved home record player that was non-electronic, playing the records acoustically just as they had been played for decades. It used microphones, an electronic amplifier, and an electromagnetic cutting stylus to make records. Maxfield worked on what they called “electrical recording” for several years before announcing it to the public in 1924. However, the lack of a way to amplify a telephone signal meant that these recordings were weak in comparison to recordings made by simply shouting into the recording horn.Īfter Western Electric improved the Audio electron tube to the point where they could use it to build reliable electronic amplifiers in 1915, engineers returned to the idea of electrical recording.
The idea of using electricity to record sound was first proposed by Thomas Edison, who attached a small stylus to the diaphragm of a telephone receiver, let a telephone signal vibrate the stylus, and used these vibrations to cut the groove. However, by the middle 1920s, record companies began to employ microphones, electronic amplifiers, and electro-magnetic disc recorders for the production of record discs. For many years, the technologies used to record and reproduce sound did not rely on electricity.
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